Animals Respiratory System

     Animals Respiratory System - In addition to humans, animals also have respiratory system. Respiratory organs in Invertebrate animals and Vertebrates are different. Invertebrates animals don't have a special respiratory system so still using diffusion respiration likes Sponges, Coelenterata, and Vermes. Vertebrates animals have a special respiratory system like pisces with gills, mammals with lungs, amphibia with skin, reptile with lungs, and fowl with lungs and air sacs. More information about it, click invertebrate and vertebrate

 A. Invertebrate  

Image Invertebrate Animals

1. Worms ( Vermes )

          Worm respiratory organs are the skin surface likes planarians and earthworms. Planarians and earthworms take in oxygen through the skin surface as diffusion. So that maximal oxygen absorption, the surface of the skin worms is always wet. Respiratory worm also called respiratory integumenter.

     2.  Molluscs

          Molluscs based habitat is divided into two, water molluscs and terrestrial molluscs. Water molluscs and terrestrial molluscs have different respiratory organs. Water molluscs such as water snails, squid, and scallops breathe using gills. Meanwhile, terrestrial molluscs such us snails breathe using lungs. More information about molluscs, click here

     3.  Insect
       
          Respiratory organs of insects are trachea. Insect tracheal system consists of spiracles, tracheal vessels, and trakeolus. Air enters through spiracles which located on each body segment. Then air into the trachea vessels and the air duct to trakeolus. In trakeolus, the air exchange by diffusion. Oxygen into the body cells, carbon dioxide into the trakeolus. Then the carbon dioxide to the tracheal vessels and removed through the spiracles.

     4. Spiders (Arachnids) and Scorpio (Scorpionida)

          Respiratory organs of spiders and scorpio are book lungs. Book lung on spider located inside a ventral abdominal. Book lung has many lamella that arranged in parallel and separated by a rod. Outside air enters the spider's body through the spiracles by diffusion. Furthermore, air enters between lamella cells and diffuses into the blood vessels around the lamella. Then the air is removed through spiracles.

 B. Vertebrate

Image Vertebrate Animals

     1. Pisces

         Respiratory organs of pisces are gills. Gill consists of a thin sheet of pink. each sheet consisting of a pair of filaments. Each filament containing many lamella. In filament, there are many blood vessels that have a lot of blood capillaries therefore the process of diffusion can be maximum.
          Pisces respiration through two stages, that is inspiration and expiration. Water enters the oral cavity and then forwarded to the gills. Oxygen will change with carbon dioxide in the gills by diffusion. After that, the carbon dioxide dissolved in the water will be removed through the gill slits.

     2. Frog

         Young frogs breathe using gills. as an adult, frogs breathe using membranes of the oral cavity, skin, and lungs.
             
            a)  Membranes of the oral cavity
                         When there is movement of the oral cavity and pharynx, nostrils open and
                    closed glottis, so that the incoming air in the oral cavity and diffuses through
                    the thin membranes of the oral cavity.
         
             b)  Skin
                          Frog has a thin skin, moist, and contains many blood capillaries. Oxygen will be
                    transported to the heart through the pulmonary vein cutanea and distributed
                    throughout the body. Carbon dioxide from the tissues will be transported to heart,
                    then pumped to the skin and lungs through the pulmonary artery cutanea.
           
              c)  Lungs
                          Frog respiratory include inspiration and expiration process that takes place
                    when the mouth is closed.
                           
                               1) Inspiration
                         Sternohioideus muscle contractions so that the oral cavity increases.
                    Consequently, the oxygen entering through the nose slit (koana). When koana
                    closing, submandibular muscles and geniohioideus muscle contraction so that
                    the oral cavity decreased. Consequently, oxygen is pushed to the lungs. In lung,
                    occurs gas exchange by diffusion.

                               2) Expiration
                         Lower jaw muscle relaxation, while the abdominal muscles and sternohioideus
                     muscles contraction. Consequently, the lungs decreased so the air moves into
                     the oral cavity. Furthermore, koana open while throat slit closing so that the
                     muscles of the lower jaw and muscle geniohiodieus contraction. Consequently,
                     oral cavity decreased and the air is pushed out through koana.

     3.  Reptile
       
           In general, respiratory organs of reptile are lungs. O2 gas enters through the nostrils and then forwarded to the oral cavity, the uvula, trachea, bronchioles and lungs. From the lungs, O2 is transported to tissues throughout the body along with the blood. From the body tissues, CO2 is transported to the heart for exhaled through the lungs, and then bronchial, tracheal, uvula, mouth and nostrils. In reptiles that live in the water, the nostrils can be closed when diving.

     4. Aves

          Respiratory organs of aves are lungs. Air enters through the nostrils which located near the base of the beak. In addition to lungs, birds also have four pairs of air sacs (saccus pneumaticus) that functions as follows :
     - Help the bird respiration, especially at a time to fly, because it saves a backup oxygen.
     - Help maintain bodies temperature to prevent excessive loss of bodies heat.
     - Help relieve the body of the bird when flying
     - Help amplify the sound of birds when twittering

Respiratory mechanism in aves as follows :
 
   A. Respiration when not fly
          1) Inspiration
               Rib muscle contraction so that the chest cavity enlarges. The lungs also expands. As a result, the air enter to the lungs and air sacs.
          2) Expiration
               Chest cavity lungs shrink so the lung's pressure is bigger than the the lung's pressure outside. Consequently, the air out of the lungs. Along with shrinking the chest cavity, the air from the air sacs enter the lungs. So, oxygen uptake at the bird is done at this stage of inspiration and expiration.

   B. Respiration when fly
                 
          1) Inspiration
                  When the wings are raised, the air sacs in the armpit expands. Meanwhile, the air sacs in the korakoid bone wedged so that air enter the lungs.
          2) Expiration
                    When the wing is closed, the air sacs in the armpit wedged. Meanwhile, the air sacs in the korakoid bone expands so that the air out of the lungs.
                     The higher the birds fly, the faster the bird flapping its wings to get a lot of oxygen.

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Human Respiratory System - Respiratory Diseases

3. Respiratory Diseases

Picture Human Respiratory Diseases

          Respiratory Diseases - Every human organ, have disorders, one of kind is the respiratory organs. Following will explain various disease in the human respiratory system.

   A. Asphyxia
          Defects or disorders in the transport of oxygen to tissues orinterruptions of oxygen used by tissues. More information click here

   B. Asthma
          Disorders of the respiratory tract cavity caused by the contraction of smooth muscle of the bronchi.

   C. Diphtheria
          Disorders of the upper respiratory tract in children caused by Corynebacterium diphteriae. More information click here
   
   D. Emphysema
          Diseases caused by abnormal function of the composition of the alveolar. More information click here

   E. Lungs Cancer
          Disease caused by the presence of a malignant tumor in the bronchial epithelium.

   F. Pleurisy
          Inflammation of the lining of the pleura causing pain when breathing.

   G. Polyp
          Swelling of the lymph glands in the nose resulting in a narrowing or blockage of the respiratory tract.

   H. Cyanosis
          Disorders that cause skin and mucous membrane color becomes bluish or pale because of low oxygen content in the blood. More information click here

   I. Tuberculosis ( TBC )
          Lung disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. characterized by some small spots formed on the alveolar wall.

   J. Sinusitis
          Inflammation of the sinus cavities. More information click here

          Once we know what the respiratory organs, respiratory mechanisms, and diseases of the respiratory, we should thank to God for having given the healthy pleasure today. So do not be lazy to keep our bodies. :)

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Human Respiratory System - Respiratory Mechanism

2. Respiratory Mechanism
          Respiratory Mechanism - In the respiratory system, occurs the respiratory mechanism. Based on the type of active muscles, breathing human being divided into two, breathing chest and abdominal breathing.

   A.   Breathimg Chest
               Muscle which active in the chest breathing is a muscle and ribs.

Diagram Abdomial Breathing Mechanism

          1) Inhalation
          External intercostal muscle contraction, ribs lifted up, volume of the chest cavity enlarges, lungs air pressure decreases, the air from outside go into the lungs.

          2) Exhalation
          External intercostal muscle relaxation, ribs fell back, chest cavity volume deflate, lungs air pressure increase, the air out of the lungs.

   B.   Abdominal Breathing
             Muscle which active in the abdominal breathing is diaphragm muscle.

Diagram Abdomial Breathing Mechanism

          1) Inhalation
         Diaphragm muscle contraction, so diaphragm which initially curved, turned into flat, volume of the chest cavity enlarges, lungs, air pressure decreases, the air from outside go into the lungs.

          2) Exhalation
          Diaphragm muscle relaxation, so diaphragm which initially flat, curved back, chest cavity volume deflate, lungs air pressure increase, the air out of the lungs.

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Human Respiratory System - Respiratory Organs

     Human Respiratory System - Breathing is the need of every creature. Humans breathe to get oxygen . If human is not breathing, human beings cannot life. Breathing is the process of inserting oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. therefore, this article will provide information about human respiratory system include respiratory organs, respiratory mechanism and respiratory diseases.

1. Respiratory Organs

        Respiratory Organs - The following respiratory organs, that is nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli.

Picture Human Respiratory Organs

   A. Nasal Cavity ( Cavum Nasalis )

          The nasal is the first place through which air from outside. Air can exit and enter through the nasal cavity. Nasal cavity always damp because of the mucous membranes. Mucous membranes and smooth hair serves to filter dust and dirt in with the air, attach dirt on the nose hair, and regulate breathing air temperature.

   B. Pharynx

          The pharynx is the junction between the nasal cavity to the throat (respiratory) and oral cavity to the esophagus (digestive tract). On the back of the pharynx are larynx.

   C. Larynx

          The larynx is also called the base of the throat. In the larynx are the vocal cords and epiglottis or larynx valve. At the time swallowing, the epiglottis covers the larynx so the food does not go into the throat. In contrast to the breathing time, epiglottis will open so the air into the larynx and then to the throat.

   D. Trachea

          Throat shaped like a pipe with a length of approximately 10 cm. The trachea divides into the bronchi. Throat wall consists of the following three layers.

1)   The outermost layer consists of connective tissue.

2)  The middle layer consists of smooth muscle and cartilage ring. The trachea is composed of 16-20 ring-shaped cartilage C. The back of the cartilage rings is not connected and attached to the esophagus. It is useful to maintain the trachea remains open.

3)   Innermost layer consists of ciliated epithelial tissue that produces a lot of mucus.This mucus function captures dust and microorganisms that come in while breathing air.

   E. Bronchi

          The trachea bronchial branches, branching into a pair. Bronchus to the left is longer, narrower, and the horizontal than to the right. This has resulted the right lung more susceptible to disease. Bronchial wall structure similar to the trachea. The difference tracheal wall thicker than the walls of the bronchi. Right bronchus branches into three bronchioles whereas the left bronchus branches into two bronchioles.

   F. Bronchioles

          Bronchioles is a branch of the bronchus. Bronchial branches into increasingly fine line, small, and the walls are thinner. Bronchial does not have cartilage but sockets ciliated. Each bronchial empties into the alveoli.

   G. Alveoli

          Alveoli are the last line of a respirator. Alveolar wall contains blood capillaries. On alveolar an exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Alveolar structure that supports of function as a gas exchange as follows.

1)   Alveolar walls are very thin

2)   Alveolar form a small pouch like a grape

3)   Inner surface of the alveoli is coated by epithelial cells

   H. Lungs ( Pulmo )

          Lung is the primary breathing apparatus in humans. Lungs are located in the chest cavity. Lungs are divided into several parts or lobes. Right lung has three lobes while the left lung has two lobes. Lungs wrapped by the pleura. In the middle of pleura, there is fluid serves as a lubricant lungs. Pleural fluid prevent friction between the lungs and the chest wall movement during respiration. More information about Pulmo click here

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